GUANGZHOU, Oktoba [XX] — Tsawon shekaru da dama, "Made in China" ya kasance ginshiƙin masana'antar kayan wasan yara ta duniya, inda ƙasar ke da sama da kashi 70% na fitar da kayan wasan yara a duniya. Amma a yau, wani babban sauyi yana faruwa: rikicin siyasa, hauhawar farashin samarwa, da buƙatun juriyar sarkar samar da kayayyaki suna tura kamfanonin kayan wasan yara zuwa fiye da wani tsari guda ɗaya da ya mai da hankali kan China zuwa "samar da kayayyaki marasa tsari a duniya." Vietnam, Mexico, da sauran cibiyoyin masana'antu masu tasowa suna bayyana a matsayin manyan tushen samar da kayayyaki na biyu, yayin da kamfanoni ke fama da sarkakiyar daidaita hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na ƙasashe da yawa. Sabbin bayanai na masana'antu sun nuna cewa kashi 62% na manyan masu fitar da kayan wasan yara na China sun kafa ko kuma suna shirin kafa masana'antu a ƙasashen waje nan da shekarar 2026, daga kashi 38% a shekarar 2020, a cewar Ƙungiyar Kayayyakin Kayan Wasan Yara da Matasa ta China (CTJPA).
Masu Inganta Tsarin Mulki: Siyasar Kasa da Matsi Kan Kuɗi
Abubuwa biyu masu karo da juna suna hanzarta sauyin tsarin samar da kayayyaki: ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar siyasa da kuma karuwar matsin lamba kan farashi a China.
A ɓangaren siyasa, rikicin ciniki tsakanin manyan ƙasashe ya kawo cikas ga hanyoyin fitar da kayayyaki na gargajiya. Amurka, babbar kasuwar kayan wasan yara a duniya, ta ci gaba da biyan harajin har zuwa kashi 25% akan wasu nau'ikan kayan wasan yara na China tun daga shekarar 2018, ba tare da wata alama ta koma baya nan take ba. "Waɗannan kuɗin fito sun lalata ribar da muke samu da kashi 8-10% akan odar da za a yi amfani da ita zuwa Amurka," in ji Wang Jian, darektan sarkar samar da kayayyaki a Alpha Group da ke Shenzhen, babban kamfanin kera kayan wasan yara na duniya. Tarayyar Turai ta kuma tsaurara ƙa'idojin shigo da kayayyaki, tana buƙatar ƙarin takaddun shaida na bin ƙa'idodi ga kayan wasan yara na China, da ƙara lokacin da za a yi amfani da su da kuma kuɗaɗen gudanarwa.
Matsin farashin da ake fuskanta a China ya ƙara rura wutar sauyin. Matsakaicin farashin ma'aikata a cibiyoyin kera kayan wasan yara na China—kamar Guangdong da Zhejiang—ya karu da kashi 6.5% a kowace shekara a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, inda ya kai (380-450 a kowane wata a shekarar 2025, a cewar bayanan CTJPA. A halin yanzu, farashin kayan aiki (gami da resins na filastik da kayan lantarki) ya ragu da kashi 12-18% a kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 2022, sakamakon katsewar sarkar samar da kayayyaki a duniya. Akasin haka, farashin ma'aikata a yankunan masana'antu na Vietnam yana kusan (200-)280 a kowane wata, kuma albashin masana'antu na Mexico (300-)350 a kowane wata) yana ba da fa'idodi na farashi ga damar shiga kasuwar Arewacin Amurka.
"Raba hannun jari ba wai kawai game da farashi ba ne - yana da game da rayuwa ne," in ji Li Ming, Shugaba na Guangzhou Auldey Toys, wanda ya ƙaddamar da masana'antar Vietnam a 2023. "Samun tushen samarwa da yawa yana ba mu damar guje wa hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma ci gaba da buɗe layukan samar da kayayyaki idan wani yanki ya fuskanci cikas, kamar kulle-kullen Shanghai na 2022 wanda ya jinkirta jigilar kayayyaki na tsawon makonni shida."
Manyan Cibiyoyin: Vietnam da Mexico Suna Jagorantar Tsarin Tushe na Biyu
Vietnam da Mexico sun zama wurare mafi shahara don faɗaɗa kasuwancin kayan wasan yara a ƙasashen waje, kowannensu yana ba da fa'idodi na musamman waɗanda aka tsara don kasuwanni daban-daban.
Vietnam: Cibiyar Samar da Makamashi ta Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya
Vietnam ta zama babbar zaɓi don yin hidima ga kasuwannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Turai, godiya ga matsayinta na dabarun kasuwanci, yarjejeniyar kasuwanci mafi kyau, da kuma haɓakar yanayin masana'antu. Bangaren masana'antar kayan wasan yara na ƙasar ya karu da kashi 15% kowace shekara tun daga shekarar 2020, inda fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen waje ya kai dala biliyan 3.2 a shekarar 2024, a cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Babban Birnin Vietnam.
Manyan kamfanonin wasan yara na kasar Sin sun riga sun kafa wani babban ci gaba. Masana'antar Ho Chi Minh City ta Alpha Group, wacce aka bude a shekarar 2024, yanzu tana samar da kashi 30% na kayan wasan yara masu kyau da kuma alkaluman aiki na kamfanin, musamman ga kasuwannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya (ciki har da Indonesia da Malaysia) da kuma Tarayyar Turai. Wang Jian ya lura cewa, "Samar da kayayyaki a nan ya rage farashin jigilar kayayyaki da kashi 40% idan aka kwatanta da fitar da kayayyaki daga kasar Sin zuwa Jakarta." Masana'antar kuma tana amfana daga yarjejeniyoyin cinikayya kyauta na Vietnam (FTAs) da Tarayyar Turai da ASEAN, wanda hakan ya kawar da harajin da ake biya kan yawancin kayayyakin wasan yara.
Gwamnatin Vietnam ta ƙara inganta yarjejeniyar da ƙarfafa haraji: masana'antun kayan wasan yara na ƙasashen waje suna jin daɗin keɓewa daga harajin shiga na kamfanoni na tsawon shekaru 4-10, sai kuma rage haraji na shekaru 5-10 da kashi 50% na shekaru. Duk da haka, ƙalubalen sun ci gaba, ciki har da ƙarancin ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa (musamman a cikin haɗa kayan wasan lantarki) da kuma ƙarancin masu samar da kayan aiki masu inganci na gida - wanda ya tilasta wa kamfanoni da yawa shigo da kashi 40-60% na kayan aiki daga China.
Mexico: Cibiyar Nearshoring don Arewacin Amurka
Mexico ta zama cibiyar da kamfanonin kayan wasan yara ke amfani da ita wajen neman kasuwar kayan wasan yara ta Amurka da ta kai dala biliyan 38, ta hanyar amfani da kusancinta da Yarjejeniyar Amurka da Mexico-Kanada (USMCA). Nearshoring—nemo wurin samar da kayayyaki kusa da kasuwannin da aka yi niyya—ya zama abin mamaki a masana'antar, domin masana'antun Mexico za su iya isar da kayan wasan yara ga dillalan Amurka cikin kwanaki 3-5, idan aka kwatanta da kwanaki 25-35 daga China.
Auldey Toys ta buɗe masana'anta a Monterrey, Mexico, a shekarar 2025, inda ta mai da hankali kan kayan wasan yara na ilimi da kayan gini na kasuwar Amurka. "USMCA tana ba mu damar guje wa harajin Amurka kan kayan wasan yara na China, kuma gajeriyar lokacin da za mu yi amfani da shi zai ba mu damar mayar da martani da sauri ga buƙatun dillalai - kamar ƙara yawan samarwa a lokutan hutu," in ji Li Ming. Yanzu masana'antar tana samar da kashi 20% na odar Auldey a Amurka, tare da shirin ƙara hakan zuwa kashi 40% nan da shekarar 2027.
Fa'idodin Mexico sun wuce yanayin ƙasa: ɓangaren masana'antarta yana da ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa (tare da ƙwarewa a fannin kayan lantarki da ƙera filastik) da kuma damar shiga hanyoyin sadarwa na jigilar kayayyaki na Amurka. Duk da haka, hauhawar farashin makamashi da damuwar tsaro a wasu yankuna sun sa kamfanoni su zuba jari a fannin tsaro da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a wurin don rage haɗari.
Gudanar da Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe da dama: Kalubale da Dabaru
Duk da cewa samar da kayayyaki a duniya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yana ba da juriya, yana kuma gabatar da ƙalubale masu sarkakiya na daidaitawa. Kamfanonin kayan wasan yara dole ne su bi ƙa'idodi daban-daban, bambance-bambancen al'adu, da matsalolin ganin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki don tabbatar da aiki cikin sauƙi.
Kalubalen da ke Gabatarwa
Ganuwa a Tsarin Samar da Kayayyaki:Bin diddigin abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa da ƙasa—kamar sassan filastik daga China, kayan lantarki daga Vietnam, da marufi daga Mexico—na iya haifar da jinkiri idan ba a sarrafa su yadda ya kamata ba. Wani bincike na CTJPA na 2024 ya gano cewa kashi 45% na masu fitar da kayan wasan yara waɗanda ke da masana'antu a ƙasashen waje sun ambaci "rashin kyawun gani game da sarkar samar da kayayyaki" a matsayin babban ƙalubalen su.
Sarrafa Inganci:Wang Jian ya bayyana cewa, kiyaye inganci mai kyau a masana'antu daban-daban wani cikas ne. "Ma'aikatan Vietnam suna da matakai daban-daban na ƙwarewa fiye da ma'aikatan China, don haka dole ne mu zuba jari a ƙarin horo don tabbatar da cewa kayan wasanmu sun cika ƙa'idodin tsaron EU."
Bin ƙa'idodi:Kowace ƙasa tana da nata ƙa'idojin tsaro (kamar ƙa'idodin Hukumar Tsaron Samfuran Masu Amfani da Amurka da kuma ƙa'idodin EN 71 na EU) da kuma ƙa'idodin haraji, wanda ke buƙatar kamfanoni su ɗauki ƙwararrun masana na gida don guje wa rashin bin ƙa'idodi.
Dabaru Masu Inganci na Gudanarwa
Domin shawo kan waɗannan ƙalubalen, kamfanonin kayan wasan yara suna ɗaukar dabarun kirkire-kirkire:
Tsarin dijital:Kamfanoni da yawa suna amfani da tsarin kula da sarkar samar da kayayyaki (SCM) na girgije—kamar SAP da Oracle—don bin diddigin kaya, jadawalin samarwa, da jigilar kaya a ainihin lokaci. Alpha Group yana amfani da kayan aikin SCM mai amfani da AI wanda ke sanar da ƙungiyoyi game da yiwuwar jinkiri (kamar ƙarancin kayan aiki a Vietnam) kuma yana ba da shawarar wasu masu samar da kayayyaki. "Wannan ya rage jinkirin samar da kayayyaki da kashi 30%," in ji Wang Jian.
Ƙungiyoyin Wurare:Hayar manajoji da injiniyoyi na gida ya zama muhimmin abu ga nasara. Masana'antar Auldey ta Mexico tana ɗaukar ƙungiyar ayyuka ta gida wacce ke kula da bin ƙa'idodi, hulɗar ma'aikata, da dabaru, yayin da hedikwatar China ke kula da dabarun duniya. "Ƙungiyoyin gida sun fahimci kasuwa da al'adu sosai - sun taimaka mana mu yi shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyi mafi kyau da masu samar da kayayyaki na gida," in ji Li Ming.
Haɗin gwiwar Dabaru:Kamfanoni suna haɗin gwiwa da masu samar da kayayyaki na cikin gida don rage dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki daga China. Kamfanin Alpha Group ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da masana'antun filastik guda biyu na Vietnam don samar da kashi 30% na kayan aikinsu, rage lokacin amfani da gubar da kuma farashin sufuri.
Ajiye Gaggawa:Domin magance matsalolin da ba a zata ba (kamar bala'o'i ko jinkirin kan iyakoki), kamfanoni suna adana kayan aikin gaggawa na kashi 10-15% na muhimman abubuwan da ake samarwa a kowane sansanin samarwa. "A lokacin guguwar Otis a Mexico a shekarar 2024, kayayyakinmu na gaggawa sun ba mu damar ci gaba da samar da kayayyaki na tsawon makonni biyu," in ji Li Ming.
Yanayin Nan Gaba:Tsarin "China + N" Ya Zama Babban Aiki
Masana masana'antu sun yi hasashen cewa tsarin "China + N" - wanda ke riƙe da China a matsayin tushen samar da kayayyaki yayin da yake ƙara cibiyoyin 1-2 a ƙasashen waje - zai zama mizani ga manyan masu fitar da kayan wasan yara. China za ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai mahimmanci, godiya ga tsarin samar da kayayyaki masu girma, ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da kuma girmanta: har yanzu ana sa ran kashi 60-70% na samar da kayan wasan yara na duniya zai kasance a China nan da shekarar 2030, amma tare da hanyar sadarwa mai yawa ta sansanonin sakandare.
"Ba a maye gurbin China ba—ana ƙara mata tallafi," in ji Sarah Lee, babbar mai sharhi a Euromonitor International. "Masana'antun China za su ci gaba da sarrafa samar da kayayyaki masu yawa, masu sarkakiya (kamar kayan wasan lantarki), yayin da Vietnam da Mexico ke mai da hankali kan samfuran da suka shafi kasuwa da kuma umarnin gaggawa."
Dorewa kuma zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a shawarwarin sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Kamfanoni da yawa suna tsara masana'antunsu na ƙasashen waje don amfani da makamashin da ake sabuntawa (kamar wutar lantarki ta hasken rana a Vietnam) da kuma rage hayakin carbon, wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin dorewar EU da Amurka. "Masana'antarmu ta Mexico tana aiki da kashi 50% na makamashin rana, wanda ba wai kawai yana rage farashi ba har ma yana sa kayayyakinmu su fi jan hankali ga dillalan da ke kula da muhalli kamar Target da Walmart," in ji Li Ming.
Yayin da masana'antar kayan wasan yara ke tafiya a wani sabon zamani na samar da kayan wasa a duniya, mabuɗin samun nasara yana cikin daidaito: amfani da ƙarfin kowane tushe na samarwa, saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aikin dijital don daidaitawa, da kuma kasancewa cikin sauƙi don mayar da martani ga canje-canjen siyasa da kasuwa. Ga masu fitar da kayayyaki, sauyawa daga "An yi a China" zuwa "An yi a Duniya" ba zaɓi bane yanzu - yana da mahimmanci a bunƙasa a kasuwar kayan wasan yara ta duniya mai gasa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-19-2025
