GUANGZHOU, Oketopa [XX] — Mō ngā tekau tau, ko "Made in China" te pou tuarā o te umanga taonga takaro o te ao, me te whenua e kapi ana i te neke atu i te 70% o ngā kaweake taonga takaro o te ao. Engari i tēnei rā, kei te haere tonu tētahi panonitanga nui: ko ngā taupatupatu whenua, ko te pikinga o ngā utu whakaputa, me ngā tono manawanui mekameka tuku kei te akiaki i ngā umanga taonga takaro ki te neke atu i te tauira kotahi e aro ana ki Haina ki te "whakaputa kore mana o te ao." Kei te puta ake a Vietnam, Mexico, me ētahi atu pokapū hanga hou hei turanga whakaputa tuarua matua, i te mea kei te raru ngā kamupene ki ngā uauatanga o te whakarite i ngā whatunga tuku maha-whenua. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga ahumahi hou kua whakatū, kua whakamahere rānei te 62% o ngā kaihokohoko taonga takaro Hainamana matua ki te whakatū wheketere ki tāwāhi i te tau 2026, he pikinga mai i te 38% i te tau 2020, e ai ki te China Toy & Juvenile Products Association (CTJPA).
Ngā Ārahi o te Hanganga Anō: Ngā Kaupapa Tōrangapū Whenua me ngā Pēhanga Utu
E rua ngā āhuatanga e taupatupatu ana kei te whakateretere i te nekehanga o te mekameka tuku: ko ngā mōrearea ā-ao tūmatanui tonu me te piki haere o ngā pēhanga utu i Haina.
I te taha tōrangapū whenua, kua whakararuraru ngā taupatupatu hokohoko i waenga i ngā ōhanga nui i ngā huarahi kaweake tuku iho. Ko te US, te mākete taonga takaro nui rawa atu o te ao, kua pupuri i ngā taake tae atu ki te 25% mō ētahi momo taonga takaro Hainamana mai i te tau 2018, kāore he tohu o te whakahekenga tonu. "Kua whakaitihia e ēnei taake ā mātou tawhē hua mā te 8-10% mō ngā ota e haere ana ki te US," te kī a Wang Jian, te kaiwhakahaere mekameka tuku i Alpha Group kei Shenzhen, he kaihanga taonga takaro matua o te ao. Kua whakakaha ake hoki te Kotahitanga o Europi i ngā ture kawemai, me te hiahia kia whai tiwhikete ture anō mō ngā taonga takaro Hainamana, me te whakanui ake i ngā wā arahi me ngā utu whakahaere.
Nā ngā pēhanga utu i Haina kua kaha ake te hurihanga. Ko ngā utu mahi toharite i ngā pokapū hanga taonga takaro o Haina—pērā i a Guangdong me Zhejiang—kua piki ake mā te 6.5% ia tau i roto i ngā tau e rima kua hipa, ā, kua eke ki te 380-450 ia marama i te tau 2025, e ai ki ngā raraunga CTJPA. I taua wā, kua rerekē ngā utu rauemi mata (tae atu ki ngā kapia kirihou me ngā wāhanga hiko) mā te 12-18% ia tau mai i te tau 2022, nā te whakararuraru o te mekameka tuku o te ao. He rerekē, ko ngā utu mahi i ngā rohe ahumahi o Vietnam kei te tata ki te 200-280 ia marama, ā, ko ngā utu hanga o Mexico (300-350 ia marama) he painga utu mō te urunga ki te mākete o Amerika Te Raki.
"Ehara i te mea ko te utu anake te kaupapa o te mana whakahaere – engari ko te oranga tonutanga," te whakamārama a Li Ming, te Tumu Whakarae o Guangzhou Auldey Toys, i whakatūwherahia he wheketere ki Vietnam i te tau 2023. "Mā te maha o ngā turanga whakaputa ka taea e tātou te karo i ngā pānga taake me te pupuri i ngā raina tuku taonga kia tuwhera tonu mēnā ka pāngia tētahi rohe e ngā raruraru, pērā i te rāhui o Shanghai i te tau 2022 i whakaroa ai i ā tātou tuku mō ngā wiki e ono."
Ngā Pokapū Matua: Ko Vietnam me Mexico te Arataki i te Tahora Tuarua-Turanga
Kua ara ake a Whitināmu me Mehiko hei wāhi rongonui mō te whakawhānui ake a ngā umanga taonga takaro ki tāwāhi, he rerekē ngā painga o ia whenua, o ia whenua, kua whakaritea mō ngā mākete rerekē.
Whitināmu: Te Pūngao Hanga o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti
Kua noho a Vietnam hei whiringa matua mō ngā mākete o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti me Ūropi, nā tōna taunga rautaki, ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko pai, me te tipu haere o te pūnaha ahumahi. Kua tipu te rāngai hanga taonga takaro o te whenua mā te 15% ia tau mai i te tau 2020, ā, kua eke ngā kaweake ki te $3.2 piriona i te tau 2024, e ai ki te Tari Tatauranga Whānui o Vietnam.
Kua whakatūria kētia e ngā kamupene taonga takaro nui o Haina he tūranga pakari. Ko te wheketere o Alpha Group i Ho Chi Minh City, i whakatuwheratia i te tau 2024, e whakaputa ana i te 30% o ngā taonga takaro me ngā tauira mahi a te kamupene, ko te nuinga mō ngā mākete o Āhia ki te Tonga-Rawhiti (tae atu ki a Indonesia me Mareia) me te EU. "Nā te whakaputa ā-rohe i konei kua whakahekehia ā mātou utu kaipuke mā te 40% ki te whakataurite ki te kaweake mai i Haina ki Jakarta," te kī a Wang Jian. Ka whai hua anō hoki te wheketere i ngā whakaaetanga hokohoko kore utu (FTA) a Vietnam me te EU me te ASEAN, ka whakakorea ngā taripa mō te nuinga o ngā kaweake taonga takaro.
Kua whakamāmā ake te kāwanatanga o Whitināmu i te whakaaetanga mā te whakamahi i ngā whakatenatena tāke: ka whiwhi ngā kaihanga taonga tākaro o tāwāhi i ngā whakawāteatanga tāke moni whiwhi a ngā kamupene mō ngā tau 4-10, ā, muri iho ka whai ake ko ngā whakahekenga tāke 50% mō ngā tau 5-10. Heoi anō, kei te mau tonu ngā wero, tae atu ki te korenga o ngā kaimahi pūkenga (ina koa ko te huihuinga taonga tākaro hiko) me te iti o ngā kaiwhakarato ā-rohe o ngā wāhanga kounga teitei—e akiaki ana i te maha o ngā kamupene ki te kawemai i te 40-60% o ngā rauemi mata mai i Haina.
Mehiko: Pokapū Whakatakoto Taonga Tata mō Amerika Te Raki
Kua riro a Mehiko hei pūtake mō ngā kamupene taonga tākaro e aro ana ki te mākete taonga tākaro o Amerika e $38 piriona te uara, mā te whakamahi i tōna tata me te Whakaaetanga US-Mehiko-Kānata (USMCA). Kua noho te Nearshoring—te whakanoho i te hanga ki te taha o ngā mākete ūnga—hei kupu rongonui i roto i te umanga, nā te mea ka taea e ngā wheketere o Mehiko te tuku taonga tākaro ki ngā kaihokohoko o Amerika i roto i ngā rā 3-5, ki te whakaritea ki te 25-35 rā mai i Haina.
I whakatuwheratia e Auldey Toys tētahi wheketere i Monterrey, Mexico, i te tau 2025, e arotahi ana ki ngā taonga tākaro mātauranga me ngā huinga hanga mō te mākete o Amerika. "Mā te USMCA ka taea e mātou te karo i ngā taripa o Amerika mō ngā taonga tākaro Hainamana, ā, mā te poto o ngā wā arahi ka taea e mātou te whakautu tere atu ki te tono hokohoko - pērā i te whakanui ake i te hanga mō ngā wā hararei," te kī a Li Ming. Inaianei kei te wheketere te tuku 20% o ngā ota a Auldey i Amerika, me ngā mahere ki te whakapiki ake i tēnā ki te 40% i te tau 2027.
Kei tua atu i te whenua ngā painga o Mexico: he maha ngā kaimahi kua roa e mahi ana i tana rāngai hanga (he wheako ki ngā mahi hiko me te hanga kirihou) me te urunga atu ki ngā whatunga kawe waka o Amerika. Heoi, nā te pikinga ake o ngā utu pūngao me ngā āwangawanga mō te haumarutanga i ētahi rohe kua akiaki i ngā kamupene ki te haumi ki ngā otinga haumarutanga me te pūngao whakahou hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea.
Te Whakahaere i te Mahi Ngātahi a Ngā Whenua Maha: Ngā Wero me ngā Rautaki
Ahakoa he manawanui te mahi whakaputa ā-motu o te ao, ka puta mai anō hoki ngā wero uaua mō te whakaritenga. Me whakatere ngā kamupene taonga takaro i ngā ture rerekē, ngā rerekētanga ahurea, me ngā take tirohanga ki te mekameka tuku kia pai ai te whakahaere.
Ngā Wero Matua
Te Tirohanga o te Mekameka Tuku:Mā te aroturuki i ngā wāhanga puta noa i ngā whenua maha—pērā i ngā wāhanga kirihou mai i Haina, ngā wāhanga hiko mai i Vietnam, me ngā takai mai i Mexico—ka roa pea ngā whakaroa mēnā kāore e tika te whakahaere. I kitea i roto i tētahi rangahau CTJPA i te tau 2024, e 45% o ngā kaihokohoko taonga takaro me ā rātou wheketere ki tāwāhi i kī ko te "kitenga ngoikore o te mekameka tuku" te wero nui.
Mana Kounga:Ko tētahi atu arai ko te pupuri i te kounga ōrite puta noa i ngā wheketere i ngā whenua rerekē. "He rerekē ngā taumata pūkenga o ngā kaimahi Vietnamese i ngā kaimahi Hainamana, nō reira i whakapau kaha mātou ki te whakangungu tāpiri kia tutuki ai ā mātou taonga takaro i ngā paerewa haumaru o te EU," te whakamārama a Wang Jian.
Te Whakatutukitanga Ture:He ture haumaru anō tō ia whenua (pērā i ngā paerewa a te US Consumer Product Safety Commission me te EN 71 a te EU) me ngā ture taake, e hiahia ana kia utua e ngā kamupene ngā tohunga ā-rohe kia kore ai e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.
Ngā Rautaki Whakahaere Whai Hua
Hei whakakore i ēnei wero, kei te whakamahi ngā kamupene taonga takaro i ngā rautaki auaha:
Te mamati:He maha ngā kamupene e whakamahi ana i ngā pūnaha whakahaere mekameka tuku (SCM) e ahu mai ana i te kapua—pērā i a SAP me Oracle—hei aroturuki i ngā taonga, ngā wātaka whakaputa, me ngā tuku i te wā tonu. Ka whakamahi a Alpha Group i tētahi taputapu SCM e whakamahia ana e te AI e whakatūpato ana i ngā tīma ki ngā whakaroa pea (pērā i te korenga o ngā wāhanga i Vietnam) me te tūtohu i ētahi atu kaiwhakarato. "Nā tēnei i whakaiti i ā mātou whakaroa whakaputa mā te 30%," te kī a Wang Jian.
Ngā Rōpū Whakatakotoranga:Kua tino hira te utu i ngā kaiwhakahaere me ngā miihini ā-rohe mō te angitu. Kei te wheketere o Auldey i Mexico tētahi tīma whakahaere ā-rohe e whakahaere ana i ngā whakaritenga ture, ngā whanaungatanga mahi, me ngā mahi whakahaere, ko te tari matua o Haina kei te tirotiro i te rautaki ā-ao. "He pai ake te mārama o ngā tīma ā-rohe ki te mākete me te ahurea—nā rātou mātou i āwhina ki te whiriwhiri i ngā whakaaetanga pai ake me ngā kaiwhakarato ā-rohe," te kī a Li Ming.
Ngā Hononga Rautaki:Kei te mahi tahi ngā kamupene me ngā kaiwhakarato ā-rohe hei whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kawemai Hainamana. Kua hainatia e Alpha Group he whakaaetanga me ētahi kaihanga kirihou e rua o Vietnam hei tuku i te 30% o āna rauemi mata, hei whakaiti i ngā wā arahi me ngā utu kawe.
Ngā Rāhui Āwhina:Hei urupare ki ngā whakararuraru ohorere (pēnei i ngā āhuatanga taiao, i ngā whakaroa rohe rānei), kei te pupuri ngā kamupene i te 10-15% o ngā taonga ohorere o ngā wāhanga matua i roto i ia turanga whakaputa. "I te wā o te Āwhā Otis i Mexico i te tau 2024, nā ā mātou taonga ohorere i taea ai e mātou te pupuri i te whakaputanga mō ngā wiki e rua," te tāpiri a Li Ming.
Te Auahatanga o te Ao:Ka noho ko te Tauira "China + N" hei Tauira Matua
E matapaetia ana e ngā tohunga ahumahi ko te tauira "Haina + N"—te pupuri i a Haina hei turanga whakaputa matua me te tāpiri i te 1-2 pokapū ki tāwāhi—ka noho hei paerewa mō ngā kaihokohoko taonga takaro nui. Ka noho tonu a Haina hei mea nui, nā te mea kua pakari tana mekameka tuku, tana hunga mahi pūkenga, me tana tauine: e matapaetia ana kei Haina tonu te 60-70% o te hanga taonga takaro o te ao i te tau 2030, engari me te whatunga kanorau ake o ngā turanga tuarua.
"Kāore a Haina e whakakapia ana—e whakakīia ana," te kī a Sarah Lee, he kaitātari matua i Euromonitor International. "Ka haere tonu ngā wheketere Hainamana ki te whakahaere i ngā mahi whakaputa nui, uaua (pēnei i ngā taonga tākaro hiko), ko Vietnam me Mexico ia e arotahi ana ki ngā hua motuhake ki te mākete me ngā ota tere-tauhohe."
Ka nui ake te wāhi o te oranga tonutanga ki ngā whakataunga mekameka tuku. He maha ngā kamupene e hoahoa ana i ā rātou wheketere ki tāwāhi ki te whakamahi i te pūngao hou (pērā i te hiko o te rā i Vietnam) me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro, e hangai ana ki ngā ture oranga tonutanga o te EU me te US. "E 50% te pūngao o te rā e whakamahia ana e tā mātou wheketere i Mehiko, e kore e whakaiti noa i ngā utu engari ka pai ake te kukume i ā mātou hua ki ngā kaihokohoko e aro nui ana ki te taiao pērā i a Target me Walmart," te kī a Li Ming.
I a te umanga taonga tākaro e whakatere ana i tētahi wā hou o te hanga ao, ko te kī ki te angitu kei roto i te taurite: te whakamahi i ngā kaha o ia turanga hanga, te haumi ki ngā taputapu matihiko hei mahi tahi, me te noho tere tonu hei whakautu ki ngā huringa ā-ao me te mākete. Mō ngā kaihokohoko ki tāwāhi, kāore e taea te neke mai i "Hangaia ki Haina" ki "Hangaia ki te Ao Katoa" - he mea nui kia tupu ai i roto i te mākete taonga tākaro whakataetae o te ao.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-19-2025
