GUANGZHOU, Ukwakira [XX] — Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, "Made in China" yabaye inkingi ikomeye y’inganda z’ibikinisho ku isi, aho igihugu gitanga ibirenga 70% by’ibikinisho byoherezwa mu mahanga ku isi. Ariko uyu munsi, hari impinduka zikomeye: ibibazo bya politiki, izamuka ry’ibiciro by’umusaruro, n’ibisabwa mu micungire y’ibicuruzwa biri gutuma ibigo by’ibikinisho birenga icyitegererezo kimwe cy’Ubushinwa kijya mu "musaruro rusange ku isi." Viyetinamu, Megizike, n’ahandi hantu hashya ho gukora ibikoresho birimo kugaragara nk’ibice by’ingenzi by’umusaruro, mu gihe amasosiyete ahanganye n’ingorane zo guhuza imiyoboro y’ibicuruzwa mu bihugu byinshi. Amakuru mashya y’inganda agaragaza ko 62% by’ibigo bikomeye byohereza ibikinisho mu Bushinwa byashinze cyangwa biteganya gushinga inganda zo mu mahanga bitarenze 2026, bivuye kuri 38% muri 2020, nk’uko bivugwa n’Ishyirahamwe ry’Ibikoresho by’Ibikinisho by’Abashinwa (CTJPA).
Impamvu zituma habaho kuvugurura: Politiki y'isi n'ibiciro
Imbaraga ebyiri zihuriweho zirimo kwihutisha impinduka mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa: ibyago bihoraho bya politiki y'isi n'izamuka ry'ibiciro mu Bushinwa.
Ku bijyanye na politiki y’isi, amakimbirane mu bucuruzi hagati y’ibihugu bikomeye byahungabanyije inzira gakondo zo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga. Amerika, isoko rinini ku isi ry’ibikinisho by’ibikinisho, yakomeje gutanga imisoro igera kuri 25% ku byiciro bimwe na bimwe by’ibikinisho by’Abashinwa kuva mu 2018, nta kimenyetso cy’uko byahita bisubira inyuma. Wang Jian, umuyobozi ushinzwe ubucuruzi muri Alpha Group ifite icyicaro i Shenzhen, ikigo gikomeye ku isi mu gukora ibikinisho by’ibikinisho, agira ati: "Iyi misoro yagabanyije inyungu zacu ku kigero cya 8-10% ku bicuruzwa byatumijwe muri Amerika." Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ryanakomeje amategeko agenga ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, asaba ko habaho impamyabushobozi z’inyongera ku bikinisho by’Abashinwa, kongera igihe cyo kubikoresha n’ikiguzi cy’ubuyobozi.
Ibiciro by’ibiciro mu Bushinwa byarushijeho guteza imbere iri hinduka. Ikiguzi cy’abakozi mu bigo bikorerwamo ibikinisho mu Bushinwa—nka Guangdong na Zhejiang—cyazamutseho 6.5% buri mwaka mu myaka itanu ishize, kigera kuri 450 buri kwezi mu 2025, nk'uko imibare ya CTJPA ibigaragaza. Hagati aho, ibiciro by’ibikoresho fatizo (harimo resins za pulasitiki n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga) byahindutseho 12-18% buri mwaka kuva mu 2022, bitewe n’ihungabana ry’imikoreshereze y’ibikoresho ku isi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ikiguzi cy’abakozi mu turere tw’inganda zo muri Vietnam kiri hafi 280 ku kwezi, naho imishahara y’inganda zo muri Megizike (300 ku kwezi) itanga inyungu ku giciro cyo kugera ku isoko rya Amerika y’Amajyaruguru.
“Kwegereza abaturage ubuyobozi ntabwo ari ikiguzi gusa—ni ukugira ngo tubone uko turokoka,” ibi ni ibyasobanuwe na Li Ming, Umuyobozi Mukuru wa Guangzhou Auldey Toys, yatangije uruganda rwo muri Vietnam mu 2023. “Kugira ishingiro ry’umusaruro mwinshi bidufasha kwirinda imisoro no gukomeza gufungura inzira z’ibicuruzwa mu gihe akarere kamwe kahuye n’ibibazo, nk’uko byagendekeye umujyi wa Shanghai mu 2022, ibyo bigatuma ibicuruzwa byacu bitinda mu gihe cy’ibyumweru bitandatu.”
Ibigo by'ingenzi: Vietnam na Megizike ni byo byayoboye imiterere y'ibirindiro bya kabiri
Vietnam na Megizike byagaragaye nk'ahantu hakundwa cyane ho kwagura ibigo by'ibikinisho mu mahanga, buri kimwe gitanga inyungu zidasanzwe zijyanye n'amasoko atandukanye.
Vietnam: Inzu ikomeye mu nganda muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba
Vietnam yabaye igihugu cya mbere mu gukorera amasoko yo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya n'i Burayi, bitewe n'aho iherereye, amasezerano y'ubucuruzi yihariye, ndetse n'iterambere ry'inganda. Urwego rw'igihugu rukora ibikinisho rwiyongereyeho 15% buri mwaka kuva mu 2020, aho ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bigera kuri miliyari 3.2 z'amadolari mu 2024, nk'uko Ishami rishinzwe ibarurishamibare muri Vietnam ribivuga.
Amasosiyete akomeye y’ibikinisho by’Abashinwa yamaze kwigaragaza cyane. Uruganda rwa Alpha Group rwo mu Mujyi wa Ho Chi Minh, rwafunguwe mu 2024, ubu rukora 30% by’ibikinisho by’akataraboneka n’imibare y’ibikorwa by’iyi sosiyete, cyane cyane ku masoko yo mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bwa Aziya (harimo Indoneziya na Maleziya) n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi. Wang Jian agira ati: “Gushyira umusaruro hano byagabanyije ikiguzi cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa byacu ho 40% ugereranije no kohereza ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa i Jakarta.” Uru ruganda kandi rwungukira ku masezerano y’ubucuruzi bw’ubuntu ya Vietnam (FTAs) na EU na ASEAN, bikuraho imisoro ku bikinisho byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga.
Guverinoma ya Viyetinamu yongereye uburyo bwo kugabanya imisoro: inganda z’ibikinisho by’abanyamahanga zihabwa imisoro ku nyungu z’ibigo mu gihe cy’imyaka 4-10, hagakurikiraho kugabanuka kw’imisoro ku kigero cya 50%. Ariko, haracyari imbogamizi, harimo ibura ry’abakozi b’abahanga (cyane cyane mu guteranya ibikinisho by’ikoranabuhanga) n’abatanga ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bake mu gihugu—bituma ibigo byinshi bitumiza 40-60% by’ibikoresho fatizo bivuye mu Bushinwa.
Megizike: Ahantu ho hafi y'inyanja muri Amerika ya Ruguru
Megizike yabaye ishingiro ry’ibigo by’ibikinisho byibanda ku isoko ry’ibikinisho bya miliyari 38 z’amadolari ya Amerika, binyuze mu kwegereza isoko ryabyo ndetse n’Amasezerano ya Amerika-Megizike-Kanada (USMCA). Gushaka ibicuruzwa hafi y’aho bikorerwa byahindutse ijambo rikomeye mu nganda, kuko inganda zo muri Megizike zishobora kugeza ibikinisho ku bacuruzi bo muri Amerika mu minsi 3-5, ugereranije n’iminsi 25-35 zivuye mu Bushinwa.
Auldey Toys yafunguye uruganda i Monterrey, muri Megizike, mu 2025, yibanda ku bikinisho by’uburezi n’inyubako z’isoko rya Amerika. Li Ming agira ati: "USMCA idufasha kwirinda imisoro ya Amerika ku bikinisho by’Abashinwa, kandi igihe gito cyo kubikoresha kidufasha gusubiza vuba ibyo dukenera mu bucuruzi—nk’uko twongera umusaruro mu bihe by’iminsi mikuru." Ubu uru ruganda rutanga 20% by’ibyo Auldey yaguze muri Amerika, hamwe n’ingamba zo kongera ibyo bikinisho bikagera kuri 40% bitarenze 2027.
Ibyiza bya Megizike biruta imiterere y’ubutaka: urwego rw’inganda rufite abakozi bakomeye (bafite uburambe mu by’ikoranabuhanga no gushushanya pulasitiki) ndetse n’abakoresha imiyoboro y’ibikoresho muri Amerika. Ariko, ibiciro by’ingufu biri hejuru n’ibibazo by’umutekano mu turere tumwe na tumwe byatumye amasosiyete ashora imari mu bijyanye n’umutekano n’ingufu zishobora kongera gukoreshwa kugira ngo agabanye ibyago.
Gucunga imikoranire hagati y'ibihugu byinshi: Imbogamizi n'ingamba
Nubwo umusaruro ku isi yose utanga ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibibazo, unazana imbogamizi zikomeye zo guhuza ibikorwa. Amasosiyete y’ibikinisho agomba kunyura mu mabwiriza atandukanye, itandukaniro ry’umuco, n’ibibazo byo kubona neza ibicuruzwa kugira ngo imikorere igende neza.
Imbogamizi z'ingenzi
Kugaragara kw'Uruhererekane rw'Ibicuruzwa:Gukurikirana ibice by’ibicuruzwa mu bihugu byinshi—nk’ibice bya pulasitiki biva mu Bushinwa, ibice by’ikoranabuhanga biva muri Vietnam, n’ibipfunyika biva muri Megizike—bishobora gutera gutinda iyo bidacunzwe neza. Ubushakashatsi bwa CTJPA bwo mu 2024 bwagaragaje ko 45% by’ibikinisho byoherezwa mu mahanga bifite inganda zo mu mahanga byavuze ko “kudashobora kubona neza ibicuruzwa” ari cyo kibazo gikomeye.
Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge:Kugumana ubuziranenge buhoraho mu nganda zo mu bihugu bitandukanye ni indi mbogamizi. Wang Jian asobanura ati: "Abakozi bo muri Viyetinamu bafite ubumenyi butandukanye n'ubw'Abashinwa, bityo twagombaga gushora imari mu mahugurwa y'inyongera kugira ngo ibikinisho byacu byujuje ibisabwa mu mutekano by'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi."
Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko agenga iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko:Buri gihugu gifite amategeko yacyo agenga umutekano (nk'amahame ya Komisiyo ishinzwe umutekano w'ibicuruzwa by'abaguzi muri Amerika na EN 71 y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi) n'amategeko agenga imisoro, asaba amasosiyete guha akazi impuguke zo mu gace runaka kugira ngo hirindwe kutubahiriza amategeko.
Ingamba zo gucunga neza
Kugira ngo batsinde izi mbogamizi, amasosiyete y'ibikinisho arimo gukoresha ingamba zigezweho:
Guhindura ikoranabuhanga:Ibigo byinshi birimo gukoresha sisitemu yo gucunga ibicuruzwa bishingiye ku bicu (SCM)—nka SAP na Oracle—kugira ngo bikurikirane ububiko, gahunda z’umusaruro, n’ibyoherezwa mu gihe nyacyo. Alpha Group ikoresha igikoresho cya SCM gikoresha ubuhanga bwa AI bumenyesha amatsinda ku gutinda gushoboka (nk’ibura ry’ibice muri Vietnam) kandi igatanga inama ku bandi batanga ibicuruzwa. Wang Jian agira ati: "Ibi byagabanyije gutinda kwacu mu musaruro ku kigero cya 30%.
Amakipe yo Guteza Imbere Akarere:Guha akazi abayobozi n'abahanga mu by'ibanze byabaye ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ibintu bigende neza. Uruganda rwa Auldey rwo muri Megizike rukoresha itsinda rishinzwe ibikorwa byo mu gace rushinzwe iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko, imibanire y'abakozi, n'ibijyanye n'imicungire y'ibikoresho, mu gihe icyicaro gikuru cy'Ubushinwa gikurikirana ingamba mpuzamahanga. Li Ming agira ati: "Amatsinda yo mu gace asobanukiwe neza isoko n'umuco—yadufashije kuganira ku masezerano meza n'abatanga ibicuruzwa bo mu gace."
Ubufatanye mu Ngamba:Amasosiyete arimo gufatanya n'abatanga ibicuruzwa bo mu gihugu kugira ngo bagabanye kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga n'Abashinwa. Alpha Group yasinye amasezerano n'inganda ebyiri za plastiki zo muri Vietnam yo gutanga 30% by'ibikoresho byayo fatizo, kugabanya igihe cyo kubikoresha no kubitwara.
Amafaranga yo kuzigama mu bihe byihutirwa:Kugira ngo habeho guhangana n’ibibazo bitunguranye (nk’ibiza cyangwa gutinda ku mipaka), amasosiyete arimo kubika 10-15% by’ibice by’ingenzi muri buri gice cy’umusaruro. Li Ming yongeyeho ati: “Mu gihe cy’inkubi y’umuyaga ya Otis muri Megizike mu 2024, ububiko bwacu bw’ibicuruzwa byihutirwa bwatumye umusaruro ukomeza gukora mu gihe cy’ibyumweru bibiri.”
Icyerekezo cy'ejo hazaza:Modeli ya "Ubushinwa + N" Ihinduka Ihuriro Rikuru
Impuguke mu nganda ziteganya ko uburyo bwa "Ubushinwa + N"—bukomeza Ubushinwa nk'ibanze mu gukora mu gihe hongerwamo ahantu 1-2 mu mahanga—buzaba ari bwo buryo busanzwe bwo kohereza ibikinisho binini mu mahanga. Ubushinwa buzakomeza kuba ingenzi, bitewe n'uruhererekane rw'ibikoresho byabwo bigezweho, abakozi babigize umwuga, n'ubunini bwabyo: 60-70% by'ibicuruzwa ku isi biracyateganijwe ko bizaba biherereye mu Bushinwa mu 2030, ariko bifite urusobe rw'ibindi bikoresho by'inyongera.
Sarah Lee, umusesenguzi mukuru muri Euromonitor International, agira ati: “Ubushinwa ntibusimburwa—burimo bwuzuzanya.” “Inganda zo mu Bushinwa zizakomeza gukora ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi bigoye (nk’ibikinisho by’ikoranabuhanga), mu gihe Viyetinamu na Megizike byibanda ku bicuruzwa byihariye ku isoko no ku mabwiriza yihuse yo gutanga ibisubizo.”
Kuramba bizagira uruhare runini mu gufata ibyemezo ku ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa. Amasosiyete menshi arimo gushushanya inganda zayo zo mu mahanga kugira ngo zikoreshe ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa (nk'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba muri Vietnam) kandi zigabanye imyuka ihumanya ikirere, bikurikije amategeko agenga ibidukikije ya EU na Amerika. Li Ming agira ati: "Uruganda rwacu rwo muri Megizike rukoresha ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ku kigero cya 50%, ibyo bikaba bigabanya ikiguzi gusa ahubwo binatuma ibicuruzwa byacu birushaho gukurura abacuruzi bashinzwe ibidukikije nka Target na Walmart."
Mu gihe inganda z'ibikinisho zigenda zinyura mu bihe bishya by'umusaruro ku isi, urufunguzo rwo gutsinda ruri mu kuringaniza: gukoresha imbaraga za buri shingiro ry'umusaruro, gushora imari mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga mu guhuza ibikorwa, no gukomeza kwihuta mu guhangana n'impinduka mu rwego rwa politiki n'isoko. Ku bashora imari mu mahanga, guhindura kuva kuri "Made in China" ukajya kuri "Made Globally" ntibikiri amahitamo - ni ngombwa gutera imbere mu isoko ry'ibikinisho ku isi rihanganye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 19 Nzeri 2025
