GUANGZHOU, Gumiguru. [XX] — Kwemakumi emakore, "Made in China" yave iri musimboti weindasitiri yepasi rose yematoyi, nyika ichitora anopfuura 70% yematoyi epasi rose anotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Asi nhasi, shanduko huru iri kuitika: kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kukwira kwemitengo yekugadzira, uye kusimba kwezvinodiwa zvekutengesa zviri kukurudzira makambani ematoyi kuti apfuure muenzaniso mumwe chete weChina kuenda ku "kugadzirwa kwepasi rose." Vietnam, Mexico, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekugadzira dziri kubuda senzvimbo dzechipiri dzekugadzira, ukuwo makambani achirwisana nekuoma kwekubatanidza network dzekutengesa munyika dzakawanda. Ruzivo rutsva rweindasitiri runoratidza kuti 62% yevatengesi vepamusoro vekuChina vekutengesa kunze kwenyika vakagadzira kana kuronga kuvaka mafekitori ekunze panosvika 2026, kubva pa38% muna 2020, zvichienderana neChina Toy & Juvenile Products Association (CTJPA).
Zvinoita Kuti Kugadziridzwa Kuvepo: Zvematongerwo enyika uye Kumanikidzwa Kwemitengo
Masimba maviri ari kupindirana ari kukurumidzisa shanduko yezvekutengeswa kwezvinhu: njodzi dzinogara dziripo dzezvematongerwo enyika uye kumanikidzwa kuri kuramba kuchikwira kwemitengo muChina.
Panyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, kusawirirana kwekutengeserana pakati penyika huru kwakakanganisa nzira dzekutengesa kunze kwenyika. US, musika mukuru wematoyi pasi rose, yakaramba ichiisa mitero inosvika 25% pamhando dzematoyi ekuChina kubva muna 2018, pasina zviratidzo zvekudzokera shure nekukurumidza. "Mitero iyi yaderedza purofiti yedu ne8-10% pamitengo yatinoda kuUS," anodaro Wang Jian, director wezvekutengeswa kuAlpha Group iri kuShenzhen, kambani inotungamira mukugadzira matoyi pasi rose. European Union yakasimbisawo mitemo yekupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika, ichida mamwe masitifiketi ekutevedzera mitemo yematoyi ekuChina, kuwedzera nguva yekutungamira uye mari yekutonga.
Kumanikidzwa kwemitengo muChina kwakawedzera kukwidziridza shanduko iyi. Avhareji yemitengo yevashandi munzvimbo dzekugadzira matoyi muChina—dzakadai seGuangdong neZhejiang—yakakwira ne6.5% pagore mumakore mashanu apfuura, ichisvika \(380-\)450 pamwedzi muna 2025, zvichienderana nedata reCTJPA. Zvichakadaro, mitengo yezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa (kusanganisira mapurasitiki nemidziyo yemagetsi) yave kuchinja-chinja ne12-18% pagore kubvira muna 2022, zvichikonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwecheni yezvekugovera pasi rose. Kusiyana neizvi, mitengo yevashandi munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri muVietnam iri pa200-\)280 pamwedzi, uye mihoro yekugadzira muMexico (\(300-\)350 pamwedzi) inopa zvakanakira mitengo yekuwana musika weNorth America.
"Kupa vanhu mabasa akasiyana-siyana hakusi kungoda mari chete—kune kurarama," anotsanangura kudaro Li Ming, CEO weGuangzhou Auldey Toys, iyo yakatanga fekitari yeVietnam muna 2023. "Kuva nenzvimbo dzakawanda dzekugadzira zvinhu kunoita kuti tidzivise mitengo yakaderera uye kuchengetedza nzira dzekutengesa dzakavhurika kana dunhu rimwe chete rikasangana nekukanganiswa, sekugara muShanghai muna 2022 kwakanonotsa kutumira kwedu kwemavhiki matanhatu."
Nzvimbo Dzinokosha: Vietnam neMexico Ndidzo Dzinotungamira Kurongeka Kwenzvimbo Yechipiri
Vietnam neMexico dzave nzvimbo dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzekuwedzera makambani ematoyi kunze kwenyika, imwe neimwe ichipa mabhenefiti akasiyana akagadzirirwa misika yakasiyana.
Vietnam: Simba guru mukugadzira muSoutheast Asia
Vietnam yave sarudzo yepamusoro yekushandira misika yeSoutheast Asia neEurope, nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yakakosha, zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvinosarudzwa, uye kukura kwenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri. Chikamu chekugadzira matoyi munyika chakawedzera ne15% pagore kubvira muna 2020, nekutengeswa kwezvinhu kunze kwenyika kusvika mabhiriyoni emadhora $3.2 muna 2024, sekureva kweGeneral Statistics Office yeVietnam.
Makambani makuru ematoyi ekuChina atove nekambani yakakura. Fekitori yeAlpha Group muHo Chi Minh City, iyo yakavhurwa muna 2024, ikozvino inogadzira 30% yematoyi epamusoro-soro uye nhamba dzemabasa ekambani, kunyanya kumisika yeSoutheast Asia (kusanganisira Indonesia neMalaysia) neEU. "Kugadzira zvinhu pano kwakaderedza mari yekutumira zvinhu ne40% zvichienzaniswa nekutengesa zvinhu kubva kuChina kuenda kuJakarta," anodaro Wang Jian. Fekitori iyi inobatsirwawo nezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kwemahara zveVietnam (FTAs) neEU neASEAN, zvichibvisa mitero pamitengo yakawanda inotengeswa kunze kwenyika yematoyi.
Hurumende yeVietnam yakawedzera kuwedzera kunaka kwechibvumirano ichi nekukurudzira mitero: vagadziri vematoyi vekune dzimwe nyika vanonakidzwa nekusabhadhara mitero yemakambani kwemakore mana kusvika gumi, zvichiteverwa nekuderedzwa kwemitero ne50% kwemakore mashanu kusvika gumi. Zvisinei, matambudziko achiripo, anosanganisira kushomeka kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi (kunyanya mukugadzira matoyi emagetsi) uye vatengesi vashoma vemunharaunda vezvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro—zvichimanikidza makambani mazhinji kutenga 40-60% yezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kubva kuChina.
Mexico: Nzvimbo yeNearshore yeNorth America
Mexico yave nzvimbo inonyanya kufarirwa nemakambani ematoyi anotarisira musika wematoyi wekuUS une mabhiriyoni makumi matatu nemasere emadhora, zvichishandisa kuva pedyo kwayo pamwe neUS-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Kutsvaga nzvimbo dzekutengesa zvinhu pedyo nemisika yakatarwa kwave chinhu chinozivikanwa muindasitiri iyi, sezvo mafekitori ekuMexico achigona kuendesa matoyi kuvatengesi vekuUS mumazuva matatu kusvika mashanu, zvichienzaniswa nemazuva makumi maviri nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu nemashanu kubva kuChina.
Auldey Toys yakavhura fekitori muMonterrey, Mexico, muna 2025, ichinyanya kutarisa matoyi ekudzidzisa uye magadzirirwo ekuvaka emusika weUS. "USMCA inotibvumira kudzivirira mitero yeUS pamatoyi ekuChina, uye nguva pfupi yekutenga zvinhu zvinotengeswa inoita kuti tipindure nekukurumidza kudiwa kwezvitoro—sekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwemwaka wezororo," anodaro Li Ming. Fekitori iyi ikozvino inopa 20% yeodha dzaAuldey dzekuUS, nehurongwa hwekuwedzera izvozvo kusvika 40% panosvika 2027.
Zvakanakira Mexico zvinopfuura nzvimbo yayo: chikamu chayo chekugadzira chine vashandi vakasimba (vane ruzivo mukugadzira zvemagetsi nepurasitiki) uye mukana wekushandisa ma network ekutakura zvinhu eUS. Zvisinei, mitengo yakakwira yesimba uye kunetseka nezvekuchengetedza mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvakaita kuti makambani aise mari mukuchengetedza panzvimbo uye mhinduro dzesimba rinogona kuvandudzwa kuti aderedze njodzi.
Kutarisira Kushanda Pamwe Chete Munyika Dzakawanda: Matambudziko Nemazano
Kunyange hazvo kugadzirwa kwezvinhu pasi rose kuchipa simba, zvinounzawo matambudziko akaoma ekubatanidza zvinhu. Makambani ezvekutamba anofanirwa kutarisana nemitemo yakasiyana, kusiyana kwetsika, uye nyaya dzekuonekwa kwecheni yekugovera zvinhu kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti mashandiro acho anofamba zvakanaka.
Matambudziko Akakosha
Kuonekwa kweCheni Yekugovera:Kutevera zvinhu zviri munyika dzakasiyana-siyana—zvakaita sepurasitiki inobva kuChina, zvinhu zvemagetsi zvinobva kuVietnam, uye kurongedza kubva kuMexico—kunogona kukonzera kunonoka kana zvikasatarisirwa nemazvo. Ongororo yeCTJPA ya2024 yakawana kuti 45% yevatengesi vezvinhu zvematoyi vanoendesa kunze kwenyika vane mafekitori ekune dzimwe nyika vakataura kuti "kusaonekwa zvakanaka kwecheni yekugovera" ndiyo dambudziko guru ravakatarisana naro.
Kudzora Hunhu:Kuchengetedza hunhu hwakanaka mumafekitori munyika dzakasiyana ndeimwe dambudziko. "Vashandi vekuVietnam vane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana nehwevashandi vekuChina, saka taifanira kuisa mari mukudzidziswa kwakawedzerwa kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti matoyi edu anosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza zveEU," anotsanangura Wang Jian.
Kutevedzera Mutemo:Nyika imwe neimwe ine mitemo yayo yekuchengetedza (yakadai semitemo yeUS Consumer Product Safety Commission uye EN 71 yeEU) uye mitemo yemitero, inoda kuti makambani atore nyanzvi dzemuno kuti vadzivise kusatevedzera mitemo iyi.
Maitiro Ekutarisira Anoshanda
Kuti vakunde matambudziko aya, makambani ematoyi ari kushandisa nzira itsva:
Kuchinja kwedhijitari:Makambani mazhinji ari kushandisa masisitimu ekutarisira zvigadzirwa (SCM) akavakirwa pa cloud-based—akadai seSAP neOracle—kutevera zvinhu zviri mudura, purogiramu dzekugadzira, uye kutumirwa munguva chaiyo. Alpha Group inoshandisa chishandiso cheSCM chinoshandisa AI chinozivisa mapoka nezvekunonoka kunogona kuitika (sekushomeka kwezvikamu muVietnam) uye chinokurudzira vatengesi vezvimwe zvinhu. "Izvi zvakaderedza kunonoka kwedu kwekugadzira ne30%," anodaro Wang Jian.
Mapoka Ekubatsira Vanhu Kunzvimbo Yavo:Kuhaya mamaneja nemainjiniya emunharaunda kwave chinhu chakakosha kuti pave nebudiriro. Fekitori yeAuldey yekuMexico inoshandisa timu yekushanda yemunharaunda inobata kutevedzera mitemo, hukama hwevashandi, uye mafambiro ebasa, ukuwo muzinda weChina uchitarisira hurongwa hwepasi rose. "Matimu emunharaunda anonzwisisa musika netsika zviri nani—vakatibatsira kutaurirana zviri nani nevatengesi vemunharaunda," anodaro Li Ming.
Kudyidzana Kwakarongeka:Makambani ari kushanda pamwe chete nevatengesi vemuno kuderedza kuvimba nezvinhu zvinotengwa kubva kuChina. Alpha Group yakasaina zvibvumirano nevagadziri vepurasitiki vaviri vekuVietnam kuti vape 30% yezvinhu zvayo zvekugadzira, zvichideredza nguva yekutenga zvinhu uye mari yekufambisa.
Nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza njodzi:Kuti vagadzirise matambudziko asingatarisirwi (akadai senjodzi dzechisikigo kana kunonoka kwemiganhu), makambani ari kuchengetedza huwandu hwezvinhu zvakakosha muzvigadzirwa zvechisikigo kubva pa10 kusvika ku15%. "Munguva yeDutu reOtis muMexico muna 2024, zvigadzirwa zvedu zvechisikigo zvakatibvumira kuchengetedza kugadzirwa kwemavhiki maviri," Li Ming anowedzera.
Mafambiro Emangwana:Muenzaniso we "China + N" Wava Kushandiswa Kwakakurumbira
Nyanzvi dzeindasitiri dzinofanotaura kuti modhi ye "China + N" - kuchengetedza China senzvimbo huru yekugadzira ukuwo ichiwedzera nzvimbo 1-2 dzekunze kwenyika - ichave ndiyo nzira inotarisirwa vatengesi vakuru vematoyi kunze kwenyika. China icharamba yakakosha, nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevanhu vakuru, vashandi vane hunyanzvi, uye kukura kwayo: 60-70% yezvigadzirwa zvematoyi pasi rose zvichiri kutarisirwa kuti zvichave muChina panosvika 2030, asi ne network yakasiyana-siyana yezvikamu zvechipiri.
"China haisi kutsiviwa—iri kuwedzerwa," anodaro Sarah Lee, nyanzvi huru paEuromonitor International. "Mafekitori ekuChina acharamba achigadzirisa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda, zvakaoma (sematoyi emagetsi), ukuwo Vietnam neMexico dzichitarisa pazvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nemusika uye maodha anokurumidza kupindurwa."
Kugara kwenguva refu kuchabatsirawo zvikuru mukusarudza zvinhu zvinotengeswa. Makambani mazhinji ari kugadzira mafekitori avo ekunze kwenyika kuti ashandise simba rinogona kushandiswazve (senge simba rezuva muVietnam) uye kuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo inoburitsa kabhoni, zvichienderana nemitemo yeEU neyeUS yekuchengetedza zvinhu. "Fekitori yedu yekuMexico inoshandisa simba rezuva re50%, izvo zvisingangodzikisi mari chete asiwo zvinoita kuti zvigadzirwa zvedu zvinyanye kukwezva vatengesi vane hanya nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza vakaita seTarget neWalmart," anodaro Li Ming.
Sezvo indasitiri yematoyi iri kufamba munguva itsva yekugadzira zvinhu pasi rose, kiyi yekubudirira iri mukuenzana: kushandisa simba rezvigadzirwa zvega zvega, kuisa mari muzvishandiso zvedhijitari zvekubatanidza, uye kuramba uchikurumidza kugadzirisa shanduko dzezvematongerwo enyika nemusika. Kune vanotumira kunze kwenyika, kuchinja kubva ku "Made in China" kuenda ku "Made Globally" hakuchisiri sarudzo - chinhu chinodiwa kuti ubudirire mumusika wematoyi wepasi rose unokwikwidzana.
Nguva yekutumira: Gunyana-19-2025
